Nature Climate Change - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1576 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/14 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Topics: Global Warming Essay Did you like this example? Introduction   â€Å"Earths 2016 surface temperatures were the warmest since modern recordkeeping began in 1880† (NASA, NOAA Data†¦) The atmospheric co2 levels of Earth have always increased and decreased over a period of 650,000 years. However, as of 1950, carbon dioxide levels have increased to 400 million, which is significant when compared to the highest of 290 million nearly 300,000 years ago. Keeping the CO2 levels low is important because it corresponds to global temperature, ocean temperature, and ice sheets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nature Climate Change" essay for you Create order Although it is important to maintain low levels of carbon dioxide, it is the highest ever because of serious climate change. Indeed, the rise in sea levels, extreme events, and ocean acidification are some examples of climate change due to an increase in carbon dioxide levels. Climate change is a serious problem as ice sheets are melting, the Earth is warming, and severe storms are increasing. However, if we promote clean energy, change wasteful habits and reduce our intake of beef and milk, we can reverse environmental damage. The ice sheets have been melting at an astonishing rate because of climate change. The ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica are extremely large and have been formed for thousands of years and played a key role in the environment. One reason why the ice sheets are important is that they contain about 99 percent of the earths fresh water and prevent the ocean levels from rising. Another reason why ice sheets are important is that they help palaeoclimatologists to study the atmosphere of the earth in prehistoric times. Palaeoclimatologists extract large ice tubes from ice sheets and scientists can collect information on the climate of that period by studying the chemicals in each layer of the ice tube. As temperature increases rapidly, glaciers, ice caps, and ice sheets begin to melt. Furthermore, due to the rising temperature, ice sheets are melting faster than can be produced affecting ecosystems across the planet. In addition, Ice sheets melting contribute to rising sea levels. When ice sheets melt in the Antarctic and Greenland, they increase the ocean level as Peter Wadhams states, â€Å"Greenland is now the largest single contributor to global sea level rise, its melting ice cap adding some 300 cubic kilometers (72 cubic miles) of water per year to the ocean† (Peter Wadhams). Not to mention that if the ocean level increases, even more, coastal habitats are at risk of flooding. Scientists are especially concerned about the effects of melting do to New York City, New York; Washington, D.C; San Francisco, California; or New Orleans, Louisiana being in danger of becoming underwater cities if the ice sheets continue to melt. Not to mention, the melting of ice sheets will result in the dilution of the ocean’s salinity as National Geographic explains, â€Å"Tons of freshwater are added to the ocean every day by melting ice sheets. Large additions of freshwater change the ocean ecosystems.† (Ice sheet). Because of the sudden increase in freshwater to a mainly saltwater ecosystem, many fish and coral species cannot survive. The Arctic and Greenland ice sheets play an important role in the Earth ecosystem. Global warming is expected to have profound and widespread effects on earths ecosystems. Between 1900 and 1990 the average U.S. temperature was 52.0 Fahrenheit, but as of recently, it has risen to new records of 55.0 degrees. As Noaa states â€Å"2017 was the third warmest year since official records began in 1880. It ranked behind only 2016 (warmest) and 2015 (second warmest)† (Climate). This sudden increase in temperature on Earth means more than a rise in hot days. Due to warming temperatures, many plants and animals move north. â€Å"They are not just moving north, they are moving from the equator toward the poles. They are quite simply following the range of comfortable temperatures, which is migrating to the poles as the global average temperature warms† (Bradford) The reason that this is a problem is that if the climate changes too quickly many organisms can’t migrate fast e nough leading to their extinction. In addition to birds that migrate earlier, disease-causing pathogens once confined to tropical and subtropical areas kill plants and animal species that have previously been protected from disease due to an increase in average temperature. As Alina Bradford states â€Å"These and other effects of global warming, if left unchecked, will likely contribute to the disappearance of up to one-half of Earths plants and one-third of animals from their current range by 2080, according to a 2013 report in the journal Nature Climate Change† (Bradford). The earth rising at an average temperature is a problem for everyone, including humans. Agriculture will be affected by drought, severe weather and the absence of accumulated snowmelt, and a larger number and diversity of pests could lead to global food shortages as well as livestock shortages. Not to mention a sudden drop in food would create worldwide chaos with riots, civil unrest, and famines. Lastly, human health is expected to decline because of global warming. Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and asthma are a direct consequence of global warming. â€Å"The 2016 outbreak of Zika virus, a mosquito-borne illness, highlighted the dangers of climate change. The disease causes devastating birth defects in fetuses when pregnant women are infected† (Bradford). With the increase of the average temperature, insects like mosquitoes can migrate north, leading to the spread of mosquito-related diseases. An increase in extreme weather is a direct cause of climate change. Over the past 50 years, humans have seen excessively high temperatures, an abundance of downpour and it some regions, floods, and droughts. Furthermore, heat waves have increased in recent years with a trend that continued in 2011 and 2012. Texas in 2011 and the Midwest in 2012 recorded the highest average monthly temperatures. As the nca states â€Å"Analyses show that human-induced climate change has generally increased the probability of heat waves., And prolonged (multi-month) extreme heat has been unprecedented since the start of reliable instrumental records in 1895† (Extreme Weather). Due to the increase in heat waves in the United States, an abnormal number of droughts have occurred. A drought occurs when surface evaporation increases and plants with insufficient water lead to dry soil resulting in drought. Examples of droughts that have happened recently were as the nca states â€Å"when many locatio ns in Texas and Oklahoma experienced more than 100 days over 100 °F. Both states set new records for the hottest summer since record-keeping began in 1895. Rates of water loss, due in part to evaporation, were double the long-term average. The heat and drought depleted water resources and contributed to more than $10 billion in direct losses to agriculture alone† (Extreme Weather). Due to the increased quantity of heatwaves and droughts, it is harder for farmers because the quality of the soil decreases Although dry events in the USA are on the rise, there is also an increase in heavy downpours. The amount of heavy rainfall has increased substantially in the last three to five decades, especially in comparison to 1991. Due to the sudden increase in heavy downpours, this equates to floods in the United States. Moreover, a sudden increase in rainfall is not the only factor contributing to the increase in floods. Factors such as thunderstorms, snow, and ice or debris jams and human factors such as dam failure and land alterations are also contributing to the sudden increase in flooding. There are a few types of floods as the nca desc ribes â€Å"Flash floods occur in small and steep watersheds and waterways and can be caused by short-duration intense precipitation, dam or levee failure, or collapse of debris and ice jams. Most flood-related deaths in the U.S. are associated with flash floods†¦ Urban flooding can be caused by short-duration very heavy precipitation. Urbanization creates large areas of impervious surfaces†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Extreme weather). Floods are extremely dangerous, causing more than 500,000 deaths and affecting 2.8 billion people between 1980 and 2009, and causing damage of almost 8 billion dollars between 1981 and 2011. Finally, the last extreme weather that has worsened is the hurricane. In the last few years, the frequency and intensity of category 4 and 5 hurricanes have increased due to climate change. Hurricanes occur when sea surface temperature changes lead to a change in the local atmosphere that eventually results in a hurricane. Finally, meteorologists predict that the number of categories 4 and 5 hurricanes will increase towards the end of the century. Moreover, extreme weather is becoming an ever-growing problem but if we dont try to counter climate change, it will only get worse. Turning to green renewable energy will greatly help us fight climate change. There are many ways in which companies can switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy, such as solar panels, wind turbines, and low impact hydropower. There are many advantages of switching to renewable energy such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping to combat air pollution, to name but a few. In the United States, approximately 29 percent of harmful emissions come from fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. On the contrary, most renewable energy sources release zero to no global warming emissions even in the life cycle of recycling production. As ucsuas states â€Å"Burning natural gas for electricity releases between 0.6 and 2 pounds of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour (CO2E/kWh); coal emits between 1.4 and 3.6 pounds of CO2E/kWh. Wind, on the other hand, is responsible for only 0.02 to 0.04 pounds of CO2E/kWh on a life-cycle basis; solar 0.07 to 0.2; geothermal 0.1 to 0.2; and hydroelectric between 0.1 and 0.5† (ucsuas). This quote explains the difference when we switch to a renewable energy source. On average, green energy preforms twice as much and produces half the emissions of fossil fuels.

Othello, By William Shakespeare Essay - 1203 Words

The Dramatic play entitled Othello is an unusual story full of jealousy, dark misunderstandings, lies, and regrets. Following Aristotle s definition of a true tragedy, where does the tale of Othello fall? Is Othello too dramatic too be considered a tragedy or does it barely fall along the lines of tragic? Shakespeare s innovation with poetry and dramatic plays have been recognized by critics and playgoers throughout the centuries (Lee,1899). The Bard s play entitled Othello, is among some of the most acknowledged pieces of the medieval ages. It is the consuming and destructive power of passion that marks the superiority of Shakespeare s work over that of his fellow writers, according to Crawford in his article on Shakespearean dramas(Crawford, 1916). A consuming and destructive power is quite prevalent throughout the drama of Othello. It is the destruction of lies. The play is comprised of many characters, but Shakespeare mainly keeps his audience s attention on three people: Othello, Desdemona, and Iago. Othello, of course, is the main character and the husband to Desdemona. Othello also has a history of being a general in the venetian military. It is this history of militia that connects his acquaintance with Iago. Apparently, Othello did not grant Iago with a promotion which in-turn, causes Iago to have his turn upon him(Shakespeare,1604). Iago s plan for revenge begins to take form once he discovers Othello s marriage to Desdemona. Iago plans to convinceShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare957 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent person kills himself while not knowing the truth. The best example of that would be the play Othello by the great William Shakespeare. As little as a handkerchief could make a difference if it is a symbol for something. In the play Othello by Shakespeare, handkerchief is first introduced by Othello to his beautiful mistress, Desdemona, as a sign of their love. At the end of the play what gets Othello to take extreme measures by the location of the handkerchief. As the symbol of the handkerchiefRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s 16th century play Othello is a duplicitous and fraudulent tale set alternatingly between Venice in act 1, and the island of Cyprus thereafter. The play follows the scandalous marriage between protagonist Othello, a Christian moore and the general of the army of Venice, and Desdemona, a respected and intelligent woman who also happens to be the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despiteRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1218 Words   |  5 PagesIn a historical time period where emphasis was shifting from religion to race and ethnicity, key indicators of differences that perpetuated into racial prejudice and racial ideologies are evident in Othello by William Shakespeare. Although racism was not fully formed at this moment in history, Othello can be interpreted as a representation and an exploration of this shift in ideology. In the past, before this change to ward racial differences, religion was the major segretory factor in signifyingRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 Pagesthose that which occurred in Othello written by William Shakespeare. Throughout the play Othello, we see the struggles of a marriage that is not accepted by their society. Othello is a extremely cherished black general living in a primarily white community. The play begins with Othello secretly becoming married to a white woman named Desdemona. This reasons others who are white to become angry and excuse to dislike this black man further more than they already do. Othello is a downward spiral from loveRead MoreOthello by William Shakespeare790 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout Othello by William Shakespeare, Othello makes numerous poor decisions due to his jealousy. Hitting Desdemona, trusting Iago, and killing Desdemona are among a few of the poor decisions that he makes. The word jealous can be defined as feeling or showing suspicion of som eones unfaithfulness in a relationship. Othello feels suspicious of Desdemona’s and Cassio’s relationship because of the lies that Iago tells him. Many people try to tell Othello the truth but he only believes the wordsRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1923 Words   |  8 Pagesdissatisfaction or complication is shown. Firstly in Othello love is presented as ephemeral and transient while atonement love is presented as unrequited and finally in cat on a hot tin roof love is presented as painful and troublesome due to unreciprocated feelings. The tragic plot of Othello hinges on the potential of the villain, Iago, to deceive other characters, above all Roderigo and Othello, through encouraging them to misinterpret what they see. Othello is prone to Iago s ploys seeing that he himselfRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare941 Words   |  4 Pageswas Williams Shakespeare’s play Othello which depicts the tragedy of Othello, a Morris Captain. What is different about Shakespeare play is that the tragic hero is the black Othello and the villain a white Iago. Therefore, Shakespeare depiction of Othello as a tragic character and Iago as a villain, challenges Elizabethan’s stereotypes regarding individuals of African descent. Shakespeare challenges the stereotypical â€Å"type –casting of the black man† in Elizabethan society by depicting Othello asRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1152 Words   |  5 Pages‘Othello’ was a tragedy of incomprehension at the deepest level of human dealings as no one in the play came to an understanding of himself or any of the surrounding characters. The play ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare focused on tragedy through the anguish of the main character ‘Othello’ which lead to the suffering and death of numerous characters including himself. Appearance Vs. Reality challenged human dealings within the play ‘Othello’ as no-one came to see anyone’s true self and no-one seesRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprofitable in condition of good and immorality. Othello is presented as good and Iago as evil, but Iago and Othello’s relationship also shares a distrust of their wives. The overall logical argument is based on love, jealousy and betrayal between two lovers that ultimately leads to their separation because of Iago’s evil plan. I am using this article to agree with Berry s view on how Iago separates two lovers just so he can take retaliation on Othello by manipulating everyone to unmasking their trueRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man, and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make a

Free Market Economy vs. Command Economy free essay sample

Free market economy stimulates greater economy growth, whereas state-directed or command economy stifles growth. Discuss. An economy can be defined as the production of the nation in a period and consumption of goods and services. The two main systems of economy are free market economies and command economy. There are lots of arguments about which is better for the growth of nation’s economy. This essay is about both the two economic systems and how they impact the growth of economies, it will be then discusses the special economic system of China. A free market economy is an economic system that is out with the control of a political party or government. The customers’ ability to pay determines which direction will be focused by market, and the ownership of an enterprise is private or public but not state. As Greg Philo and David Miller (2001) state that the social right to have enough food or to be warm depends on the ability to pay, and these items that we need in our lives are not provided by ‘public service’ companies but by private industry. In a free market, the growth rate of the economy depends on the degree of market liveliness that has a link with the costumers’ purchases. So, the economy can grow freely in such an economic environment that is not controlled by governments. However, compared with command economies, the process of economic growth is completely different. Command economies are much more monotonous without fierce market competition which is a feature of free market economy. The command or state-directed economy is an economic system that is under the control of government. What command economies focus on is the level of production, which means the guide of market is government but not customers. Growth of economies under the command economic system is increasing with a predictable future, because the economies are developed under a plan. The command economy takes control of the nation’s economy using CPE, centrally planned economy, which is a coordination measure opposed to the market. As Marie Lavigne (1999) said a plan is a set of techniques to achieve the future goals in a most efficiently process. In the socialist economy, the plan is mandatory. There are a number of people who claim that a free market economic growth can increase economy faster than command economies while command economy keeps the economy back. Is it really true? It is widely believed that lots of countries that have large size of economy are under free market economies. But in capitalism, which under the free market economy, there is an ideology providing by the money in market. People under the free market always have an exclusive concern with money and seize a chance to seek private gain. Then they will lose their dream that they hold before in the market while command economic countries are growing their economies arranged in a good order. The shortage of free market economy has occurred in the Asia Financial Storm (1997) and the Global Financial Crisis (2008). The effects in countries under command economy, such as China, Vietnam and North Korea, are much less than Japan, Europe and the United States where is the origin of the Global Financial Crisis (2008). However the economy under the control of government is not as terrible as we thought. Although the Soviet Union which is the representative of the countries under command economy broke up on 1991, but there are a number of examples to prove that command economies have benefit with the nation’s economy. As Gur Ofer (1987) states that since Bolshevik Revolution (1917), the Soviet Union achieved the economic modernization gradually. During 1928-1985, the economic situation developed from an undeveloped economy to a modern industrial economy. Furthermore, the GNP (Gross National Product) of the Soviet Union grew by a factor of 10, and the level of GNP per capita grew more than five times. Industrial structure in the Soviet Union had changed dramatically. In 1928, 82 percentage of population in the Soviet Union are organized by rural people and the economy of agriculture made the majority of GNP. However, the population in urban grew to 78 percentage and 40-45 percentage of GNP was made up by industries. Thus, both the two economic systems are not wonderful for the growth of economy but there is example from China which is different from both free market economies and command economies. China’s economic system seems strange for a number of people, because the economic system of China combines free market economy and command economy together. It is true that Chinese average gross domestic production (GDP) growth increased from nearly 4 per cent prior to 9. 5 per cent approximately during 1978-2005. 1978 is a special year when China’s government decided to combine free market economy to command economy which China used before. Loren B. and Thomas D. Rawski (2005) claimed that before 1978, China’s overall output grew faster than GDP in United States and India, and fell far more behind Japanese performance. After 1978, the size of China’s economy expanded dramatically pushing Chinese output from 37. 5 per cent of Japan’s 1978 figure to 219. 2 per cent of Japan’s 2004 GDP. Compared with free market economy and command economy, the economic system in China seems like a better choice. To conclude, the free market economy is an economic system that provides a free environment. In such an environment, economies can grow outside the control of the government, but there is a risk that economies may be developed in a so confused order that stifle the growth of economies. Although the economic system of command economy can develop economies in a good order, there is no enough proof to prove that command economies can growth economies faster than the free market economy. However, China is the only one country that keeps a high-speed growth of economies for over 30 years, and China’s economic system that combines free market economy and command economy strategies together can be a great formwork to be studied by other countries.